European rabbits

The rabbit impact in Australia

Since arriving in Australia with the First Fleet, then deliberately released for hunting in the 1800s, European rabbits have become Australia’s most widespread and destructive environmental and agricultural vertebrate pest.

Their rate of spread is the fastest of any colonising mammal anywhere in the world. They are now found in all States and Territories, including several offshore islands.

Image by Anne Young

Values impacted

Environment: European rabbits’ impact on natural environments and native species is a leading threat to biodiversity. Rabbits damage native plants and compete directly with native wildlife for food and shelter. Their digging and browsing leads to a loss of vegetation cover, which in turn can result in slope instability and soil erosion.
Agricultural production: European rabbits impact agricultural activities by reducing productivity across most enterprises, from forestry and revegetation initiatives through to viticulture, grazing and cropping. Their consumption of green feed prevents seedlings from regenerating and reduces crop yields while also reducing the feed available to livestock. Other impacts stem from their ability to damage infrastructure on both farms and peri-urban properties.
Community wellbeing: European rabbits create a social toll with evidence of psychological stress and trauma to land managers dealing with rabbit infestations on their properties and members of the public finding sick rabbits. Other primary producers may have concerns about the potential for injury to horses from falling in burrows and warrens. Rabbits can also be a threat to sites of cultural significance to First Nations people as they burrow and disturb landscapes.

Key facts

Original distribution

European rabbits are native to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal), France, Gibraltar and north-western Africa (Morocco & Algeria)¹.

Current Australian distribution

The rate of spread of the rabbit in Australia is believed to be the fastest of any colonising mammal in the world¹.

Domesticated rabbits were first introduced to Australia in 1788. The first feral populations were observed in Tasmania in 1827. Thomas Austin introduced wild rabbits to his property in Geelong, Victoria, for hunting in 1859.

By 1886, rabbits had spread north to New South Wales and Queensland. They were in Western Australia and the Northern Territory by 1900. Their colonisation was aided by existing native animal burrows and habitat modification for farming, and by further deliberate human introductions for meat and hunting.

The construction of a 1700 km rabbit-proof fence in Western Australia failed to stop the spread of rabbits and they are now found across the continent, and on several offshore islands¹. Click on the map to see more.

Biology and ecology

Wild European rabbits typically have grey-brown back fur and a white-grey belly. Colour varies from sandy light brown, to ginger, black, and occasionally, white. Rabbits are characterised by their long ears, long hind legs, short fluffy tail and feet that are well furred beneath, with large straight claws. Males and females are similar in size and appearance; male rabbits may have a slightly broader head. Adults weigh 1–2.25 kg and range in length from 35 to 45 cm¹.

Habitat

In Australia, rabbits are widely distributed and occur in a variety of habitats, including urban and coastal areas. They prefer low vegetation, well-drained, deep sandy soils and refuge such as scrub, blackberries or fallen logs¹. Rabbits construct large warrens up to 3 m deep and 45 m long. Warren complexes are generally larger in more open country. Warrens provide cover and protection from predators and extreme temperatures, and allow rabbits to live in open grasslands, grazed pasture and arid land. Where there is abundant surface cover, rabbits may live above the ground.

What do feral rabbits eat?

Rabbits are herbivores that eat a wide variety of plants, including crops, roots, pastures, young trees and vines². They can graze plants to ground level and may eat up to one third of their own body weight daily, although their average daily intake is 100–150 g². In arid areas rabbits need access to water, but elsewhere they get enough moisture from their food.
Rabbits prefer to eat soft, short, succulent plants such as grasses and herbs.

Reproduction and lifecycle

Females can breed at any time of the year if there is sufficient feed available. The main breeding season is determined by rainfall and the early growth of high-protein plants. During this time, wild rabbits form territorial groups containing 1–3 males and 7–10 females, led by a dominant pair. Wild rabbits can begin breeding at four months old and may produce five or more litters in a year, with up to five young per litter. In less favourable conditions they can still produce one or two litters each year².

Rabbits have a gestation time of 28–30 days. Young are born blind and hairless and open their eyes after 7–10 days. They emerge from the warren weaned at about 18 days and leave the nest at 23–25 days. Survival of young varies between years and with seasonal conditions and also depends on the incidence of diseases. Wild rabbits rarely survive past six years of age¹.

To learn more, find resources and publications about European rabbits available under the Plan, Manage and Improve sections on the right.

Quick guide to managing rabbits

The Centre for Invasive Species Solutions has produced glovebox guides, planning guides, and field guides for many pest animals, including rabbits. These are useful resources for learning about rabbit management or promoting best practice rabbit information at events and field days.

To enhance your knowledge when creating your pest animal programs, visit the Plan, Manage and Improve sections.

Glovebox Guide for Managing Rabbits

For a quick and easy digest guide to managing rabbits, take a look at the Glovebox Guide for Managing Rabbits. Click the artwork below to download and print it for free.

Access the Glovebox Guide for Managing Rabbits

Working with your community

If you need larger quantities for an event or a local community program you can place an order here. We can even add your organisation’s logo to the cover. Please note that printing and postage costs will apply in most situations.

Watch now

To introduce you to rabbit management, we have collated a selection of how-to videos as well as conferences, and presentations on our YouTube channel. Find a sample below.

9 videos found